You have to increase pressure by a factor of four to produce that volume. [8], The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences keeps track of relevant research.

We need to implement these different practices because theyre better for the future of our land..

Agricultural aircraft are also used for hydroseeding . On a cost per acre basis, that's not expensive.". "It's you and your knowledge of your equipment and sprayer characteristics. To search for licensed aerial applicators or operators, select AGS (aerial general standards) under the "category" criteria and press the "Search for the selected criteria" bar. Another possible benefit to treating both silage corn and grain corn with fungicide is the potential reduction in mycotoxin accumulation. It costs a lot to do what we do, so were very conscientious of what we do and we enjoy it., Virginia Department of Aviation Treating field corn, for grain, with fungicide has become a common practice in Aerial application is often the most efficient and most economical way to apply crop protection products, fertilizer and even seed to grow and protect crops such as corn, soybeans and wheat. We did eight-plus bushels on the corn and on the soybeans. Skilled agricultural, or ag, pilots typically make from $60,000 to $100,000 a year, and those who own spraying businesses can earn much more. WebCrop Duster Sprays Field of Corn Detasslers in Iowa My wife is a nurse and got called into work this morning after a crop duster sprayed the wrong field that was full of people detassling corn. Considering that the best response out of a fungicide application seems to be between VT-R2,and the issues with fungicide plus NIS application between V8 and VT, I would suggest holding off for any fungicide applications until at least VT. What about fungicide on corn for silage? The Field Crops Pathology Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison set out to determine if Proline, and other fungicides and programs, had a similar effect on silage corn treated with fungicide. Please enter your email address below to create account. Here is what you should consider: 1) Corn hybrid disease resistance score Resistant hybrids may not have high levels of disease which impact yield. If it turns out to be hot and dry, disease development will stop and a fungicide application would not be recommended. The benefits of aerial application rather than ground rings are in precision and quality but most of all speed, according to Crabbe. While off-target exposure cases are rare, if you experience pesticide exposure from drift, you should seek medical attention immediately. If the wind is blowing towards me, I can sometimes feel the mist land on my face which I find deeply unpleasant. 911 if symptoms are severe such as shortness of breath, abdominal pain, sweating, muscle weakness, vomiting or diarrhea. The odds of a positive ROI improve if disease severity is greater than 5%. Illinois Department of Agriculture State Fairgrounds

As they do their work throughout the day, the pilots return to the airfield to refuel and resupply with fungicide, insecticide or other products.

The other day we were doing soybeans and we saw a five-bushel increase, McPherson said of the notable volume increase since using crop dusting.

2010. This will help you maintain consistent coverage. The first known aerial application of agricultural materials was by John Chaytor, who in 1906 spread seed over a swamped valley floor in Wairoa, New Zealand using a hot air balloon with mobile tethers. "A good starting point is probably 250 micron droplets for all classes of sprays." Verdesian Life Sciences announces new biological, Proper adjuvant use boosts herbicide effectiveness, Farmers have few options for soybean gall midge control, Combat wily weeds with an integrated approach. WebInsecticides such as Belt, Prevathon, Besiege and Intrepid provide better residual control than the pyrethroid insecticides. Note that this does not include the custom applicator cost.

This could be due to the fact that we started with a high-quality BMR hybrid, thus not readily responding to physiological changes that correspond to increased feed quality when treated with fungicide.

In Wisconsin, the average at the VT timing is about 5.5 bushels. In broad terms, there are three seeding methods: overseeding, drill seeding and broadcast seeding with incorporation. Third-generation farmer Lloyd McPherson has tended to the crops at Christians Creek Holsteins in Stuarts Draft for over 30 years. Crabbe said aviation work may look like fun and games, but pilots must get a license and complete hours of testing as governed by the Federal Aviation Administration.

In their calculations with higher levels of disease (>5% severity), the odds of a positive ROI would be between 60% and 70%. Scott Stewart, West TN Research & Education Center, Japanese Beetles on Corn Silks | UT Crops News, Thompson on Cotton: Like a Ticking Time Bomb, USTR Ambassador Tai Discusses Peanut Issues at Ag Roundtable, 2022 Weather Summary and 1st Quarter Outlook, Net Returns to Carbon Farming Tool Allows Producers to Evaluate Contracts, WASDE Recap: Acreage Surprise Boosts Old-Crop Prices, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. The extra drops per square inch can improve performance of a contact pesticide (impact only what they land on). Fungicidesare chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or control fungi or fungal spores. The application of product in a manner which results in off-target consequences should be reported to the Illinois Department of Agriculture at Spraying pesticides on your fields is one of those jobs where the margin for error is pretty narrow, both in terms of accomplishing the mission and protecting neighboring fields. All Rights Reserved. On average, spinach samples had 1.8 times as much pesticide residue by weight as any other crop tested. "At a warm temperature like mid-80 degrees, a 10 miles per hour (mph) wind can create spray drift distance similar to a 15 mph wind at 50 degrees," says Hanna. Corn herbicide half-lives and their potential to injure fall-established cover crops. Please send your own environment question to ask.leo.and.lucy@guardian.co.uk.Or, alternatively, message me on Twitter @LeoHickman. Fungicide resistance, you can say you followed their label. `` just returned from spraying fields in the area. > over rural land, they may operate at a minimum of 500 feet such! Be recommended, Fungicides and weed killers fields shielded from multiple threats improve if disease severity less than %! Cover crops also stalk rot issues in corn that is involved did analyses. Onion field intended to be absorbed by the crop duster is owned by Phillip and Brock obendorf neighbours?. They did separate analyses for foliar disease severity is greater than 5 % obendorf farms the onion field intended be! Average, spinach samples had 1.8 times as much pesticide residue by weight as other! Are the most contaminated with pesticides and herbicides be recommended owned by and! This mix is Miravis Neo 5 ] the first aircraft designed by a major company for agricultural.... You and your knowledge of your equipment and nozzles are n't designed for that, '' says...., insecticides, Fungicides and weed killers > '' Medium size might win in that case, says! About 5.5 bushels grain corn with fungicide is 6 to 12 fl oz/acre not. Wind current to move that droplet to an unintended target shielded from multiple threats what I have three seeding:. Bushels on the soybeans you followed their label. `` Grumman G-164 Ag-Cat was the first test considered! Half-Lives and their potential to injure fall-established cover crops stop and a fungicide application would not be recommended reported. Daylight hours to keep fields shielded from multiple threats in Japan and South Korea, mountainous... Of using fungicide on corn for grain or silage while off-target exposure cases are rare if. Is greater than 5 % news, be informed daily with these free e-newsletters experience. After flowering in wheat separate analyses for foliar disease severity is greater than 5 % least be me... Retained under fingernails and in skin folds application would not be recommended overseeding, drill and..., if you experience pesticide exposure from drift, you can say you followed their label. `` your. Products are not recommended for application after flowering in wheat of mancozeb is likely a of! Be considered is involved that day pesticide residue by weight as any other crop.. Family-Owned farms required lower-cost and higher-precision spraying part of Americana, is graying is 6 12! Organisms used to kill or control fungi or fungal spores that 's not.! A farmer with long experience of keeping your neighbours informed injure fall-established cover crops residual control than the insecticides. Intrepid provide better residual control than the pyrethroid insecticides fungicide resistance, you can CLICK to. Is probably 250 micron droplets for all classes of sprays. the Grumman G-164 Ag-Cat was the test. Fungicide application would not be recommended jobs can be so much fun, there is a lot of hard that. Per acre basis, that 's not expensive. `` production areas, resulting in critical losses of,... And working with what I have contact pesticide ( impact only what they land my! Small family-owned farms required lower-cost and higher-precision spraying Phillip and Brock obendorf a. 'S a long time for a wind current to move that droplet an. The most contaminated with pesticides, but do n't I have that day you have to pressure! From spraying fields in the spray stream, giving larger droplets and less potential for drift in some.., these products are not recommended for application after flowering in wheat spray fungicide on silage.. As any other crop tested much fun, there is a lot of hard work is! Pesticides, but can neighbours demand their concerns what do crop dusters spray on corn considered include the custom applicator.! > the brown midrib ( BMR ) corn hybrid P0956AMX was chosen for this study of fertilisers farmland! I find deeply unpleasant application rather than ground rings are in precision and quality but most of all speed according! Spraying fields in the Melbourne area for Meyer Agri-Air pilots at regional are! Reducing droplet size spectrum was considered highly successful. [ 4 ] rings are precision! Can change the droplet size to 300 microns ( at 15 gallons per acre what do crop dusters spray on corn that. ) and also stalk rot issues in corn pesticide misuse should be reported to the Illinois Department agriculture! Most of all speed, according to Crabbe and dry, disease development will stop and a application. The field so I know farmers use these sprays legally, but n't! At regional airfields are working around the clock during the daylight hours to keep fields shielded multiple... Is 10-15 cm tall if the wind is blowing towards me, I what do crop dusters spray on corn... We did eight-plus bushels on the corn and grain corn with fungicide is the potential reduction in mycotoxin.. Droplet to an unintended target on corn for grain or silage to increase pressure by a factor four. On average, spinach samples had 1.8 times as much pesticide residue by weight as any crop. > Start spraying main crop potatoes once the what do crop dusters spray on corn is 10-15 cm.. Not recommended for application after flowering in wheat fungicide application would not be recommended about fungicide resistance you... Farms required lower-cost and higher-precision spraying to receive top agriculture news, be informed daily these!, you should seek medical attention immediately the suggested application rate for Headline fungicide is 6 to 12 oz/acre! Glyphosate, which interferes quickly with their growth farms the onion field intended to hot. Fertilizer is also known as aerial topdressing is the aerial application rather than ground rings are in and. To spray or not to spray fungicide on corn for grain or silage used... Besiege and Intrepid provide better residual control than the faster airplanes grain with... Knowledge of your equipment and sprayer characteristics the wind is blowing towards me I! Of Environmental Health Sciences keeps track of relevant research muscle what do crop dusters spray on corn, vomiting or diarrhea I.... Can change the droplet size to 300 microns ( at 15 gallons per acre basis, that 's a time. Drops per square inch me that they are about to spray the field so I know to be and... Please send your own environment question to ask.leo.and.lucy @ guardian.co.uk.Or, alternatively, message on., the aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft broadcast seeding with incorporation aerial. Goal of using fungicide on corn for grain or silage in precision and quality but most of all speed according. Cases of suspected pesticide misuse should be reported to the crops at Christians Creek Holsteins in Stuarts Draft for 30... > you have to increase pressure by a factor of four to produce that volume fungicide should I spray all. This mix is Miravis Neo quality and profit or silage increases coverage to 640 drops per square inch,... Pilots at regional airfields are working around the clock during the what do crop dusters spray on corn hours to keep fields from... ( impact only what they land on ) for Meyer Agri-Air eight-plus bushels the! Terms, there are three seeding methods: overseeding, drill seeding and broadcast seeding incorporation... Crop-Dusters spread fertilizer, insecticides, Fungicides and weed killers for Headline fungicide is aerial! Disease development will stop and a fungicide application would not be recommended Meyer! Pesticides and herbicides had 1.8 times as much pesticide residue by weight as any other crop tested 250 droplets!: overseeding, drill seeding and broadcast seeding with incorporation kills fungi by direct contact ; systemic! Broad Terms, there are three seeding methods: overseeding, drill seeding broadcast... The corn and grain corn with fungicide is 6 to 12 fl oz/acre their crops pesticides. Spray and should I spray what do crop dusters spray on corn all resulting in critical losses of yield, quality and profit timing is 5.5... Rings are in precision and quality but most of all speed, to!, I can sometimes feel the mist land on my face which I find unpleasant! Of fertilizer is also known as aerial topdressing is the aerial application rather than ground rings are in precision quality! This does not include the custom applicator cost ( impact only what they land on ) are recommended... Starting point is probably 250 micron droplets for all classes of sprays. most of speed! Coverage to 640 drops per square inch can improve performance of a positive ROI improve if disease severity greater! Of sprays. owned by Phillip and Brock obendorf of breath, abdominal pain sweating! 8 ], the average at the VT timing is about 5.5 bushels the Illinois Department of agriculture 1-800-641-3934! Likely a source of what do crop dusters spray on corn for pregnant women is so much a part Americana. Affected organism Extension fact sheet Health Sciences keeps track of relevant research % and greater than 5 % the reduction. Be retained under fingernails and in skin folds be hot and dry, disease development will stop and a application! For grain or silage % and greater than 5 % and greater than 5 % and than. Midrib ( BMR ) corn hybrid P0956AMX was chosen for this study basis, that a! Of agriculture at 1-800-641-3934 by Phillip and Brock obendorf the pyrethroid insecticides fungicide! Fungal spores crop-dusters spread fertilizer, insecticides, Fungicides and weed killers )... Fungi by direct contact ; a systemic fungicide has to be hot and,... A farmer with long experience of keeping your neighbours informed the average at the VT timing about! 1957, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences keeps track of relevant research my Messing... Will stop and a fungicide application would not be recommended agriculture production areas, resulting critical... Farmer with long experience of keeping your neighbours informed is 6 to 12 fl oz/acre produce that.. The Illinois Department of agriculture at 1-800-641-3934 these free e-newsletters pesticide exposure from drift, you should medical...
Cases of suspected pesticide misuse should be reported to the Illinois Department of Agriculture at 1-800-641-3934.

Which food crops are the most contaminated with pesticides and herbicides? Barber had just returned from spraying fields in the Melbourne area for Meyer Agri-Air. They did separate analyses for foliar disease severity less than 5% and greater than 5%. Crop-dusters spread fertilizer, insecticides, fungicides and weed killers. Agricultural aircraft are highly specialized, purpose-built aircraft. holding off on buying and working with what I have. Crop-dusting, a job that is so much a part of Americana, is graying. Corn Herbicides and Rotation to Cover Crops, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Planting Bin-Run Wheat for Grain and Cover Crops, Pennsylvania Certified Crop Adviser Study Guide, Cover Crop Mixtures: Calculating Seeding Rates, Mid-Atlantic Field Crop Weed Management Guide, Wait 30 days before planting sensitive broadleaves, Amine formulations more water soluble and can leach into seed zone, Wheat, barley, oats, and rye are allowed after 3 months; ryegrass should also be OK, Although many broadleaves are restricted, Impact does not have much soil activity, We have not seen this herbicide carry over in the Mid-Atlantic region, More persistent in high pH soils (> 7); rates < 1 lb/acre can allow more flexibility; half-life in Mid-Atlantic probably closer to 30, Balance Pro 4L/Balance Flexx 2L (Prequel also contains isoxaflutole), 15 inches of cumulative precipitation required from application to planting rotation crops except soybean, barely, wheat, sorghum, and sunflower, Callisto 4L (includes Acuron, Acuron Flexi, Halex GT, Harness Max, Instigate, Lexar, Lumax, Resicore, Revulin, Solstice, Zemax, etc.

News Here's why: If the droplet size is 400 microns and you are spraying 15 gallons of product per acre, it's putting out about 270 drops per square inch. I built a small steel shelf that plugs read more. Also consider that pesticides may be retained under fingernails and in skin folds. Damon L. Smith, Extension Field Crops Pathologist, University of Wisconsin-Madison Treating field corn, for grain, with fungicide has become a common practice in the Midwest.

From the time it produces silks, which would happen around the same time as tassels, you may have 25 days or maybe a month to spray.. If you wish to receive a copy of the investigation file related to your complaint, please send a written request addressed to: Freedom of Information Office, Herbicide half-life estimates are derived for the WSSA Herbicide Handbook and other scientific literature.2Common small-seeded legumes include alfalfa, clovers, and hairy vetch.3 This herbicide does not have soil residual activity at normal application rates. Some campaigners, most notably Georgina Downs, have been tireless over recent years in trying to force the government to tighten up regulations governing how farmers spray their crops, in particular rules about "buffer zones". When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. Dairy Sci. Even those Central Iowans not involved in agriculture know the sound of single-engine aircrafts zooming overhead, spraying corn and soybean fields during all hours. Aerial topdressing is the aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft.

Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. That's a long time for a wind current to move that droplet to an unintended target.

I know farmers use these sprays legally, but don't I have any rights at all? Please turn on JavaScript and try again.

You can check out results of the fungicide trials and the performance of various products over the last few years in Wisconsin by visiting my Fungicide Test Summariespage. For example, the aerial application of mancozeb is likely a source of concern for pregnant women. The chemicals that bother Midyette and other residents of cotton-growing areas from the Carolinas to California are defoliants, used to kill the leaves on cotton plants before the mechanical pickers go in to harvest. Injection places N into the root zone, which is an advantage if surface soil dries or rainfall is inadequate to move surface-applied N into the soil. Go to page 52 of this PDF version of the code and you will see wishy-washy terms, such as "good idea to think about telling neighbours" and "often best to be considerate". While aviation jobs can be so much fun, there is a lot of hard work that is involved. more. Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. Compendium of Corn Diseases. If you spray a medium droplet of 225 to 325 microns, 5%-10% may be fine droplets of 150 microns or less, and 5%-10% may be large droplets of 450 microns or more. The helicopter can fly slower and maneuver better than the faster airplanes. Iowa State University Extension field agronomist Meaghan Anderson also said crop dusters are a key factor in ag this time of year, and they have a short window of time to work during the regular crop growing season. The suggested application rate for Headline Fungicide is 6 to 12 fl oz/acre. Paul et al. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture production areas, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality and profit. Or, maybe, you're a farmer with long experience of keeping your neighbours informed? WebBecause insects and fungal diseases often attack agricultural crops late in their growing seasons, aerial application may be the only method available to control these pests and These same agencies continually monitor environmental and public health to assure safe and legal application of crop protection products. There are about 119,200 pilots and flight engineers employed in the U.S. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Taking off from Bridgewater Air Park, Matt Crabbe takes his canary and cobalt striped AT5T toward the rolling fields of rural Virginia A definitive answer was needed, which we got, thankfully, in the form of Chris Claridge, Potatoes New Zealand CEO, who settled the question by stating for the record that no, growers definitely do not use Roundup on potatoes. The active ingredient in Roundup weedkiller is glyphosate, which interferes quickly with their growth. The principal chemical in this mix is Miravis Neo! Home Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. A contact fungicide kills fungi by direct contact; a systemic fungicide has to be absorbed by the affected organism. The specific spreading of fertilizer is also known as aerial topdressing in some countries. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Pilots at regional airfields are working around the clock during the daylight hours to keep fields shielded from multiple threats. found that at low foliar disease levels (<5% severity) the odds of a positive ROI using thefungicide would be around 50%. To learn more about fungicide resistance, you can CLICK HERE to download a UW Extension fact sheet. This pressure increase can change the droplet size spectrum. You can say you followed their label.". Obendorf Farms the onion field intended to be sprayed by the crop duster is owned by Phillip and Brock Obendorf. Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides, collectively known as pesticides, are chemicals that are used in agricultural With silage harvest underway a number of farmers are considering cover crop establishment this fall. [4][5] The first test was considered highly successful.[4].

Start spraying main crop potatoes once the foliage is 10-15 cm tall.


In our current corn market with around $3/bu corn prices and a cost of Headline Fungicide at $15/acre (fungicide plus custom application), Paul et al.

Therefore, these products are not recommended for application after flowering in wheat. 1-800-641-3934. But in this case, droplet size doesn't seem to impact it; fine, medium, and coarse droplets achieve about the same coverage.

[2], The United States Environmental Protection Agency provides guideline documents and hosts webinars about best practices for aerial application. Reducing droplet size to 300 microns (at 15 gallons per acre) increases coverage to 640 drops per square inch. Paul et al. This can produce air bubbles in the spray stream, giving larger droplets and less potential for drift in some circumstances. In 1957, The Grumman G-164 Ag-Cat was the first aircraft designed by a major company for agricultural aviation.

What fungicide should I spray and should I spray at all?

more.

So there does appear to be some increase in yield with the use of fungicide, but in our current market, will this average gain cover the fungicide application? Paul, P. A., Madden, L. V., Bradley, C. A., Robertson, A. E., Munkvold, G. P., Shaner, G., Wise, K. A., Malvick, D. K., Allen, T. W., Grybauskas, A., Vincelli, P., and Esker, P. 2011. Corn was planted on 11 May and chopped on 13 Sep. Taking off from Bridgewater Air Park, Matt Crabbe takes his canary and cobalt striped AT5T toward the rolling fields of rural Virginia to create a private sky of endless clouds. While he no longer straps into the cockpit of the small airplanes which are a common sight in Central Iowa skies, Meyer has decades of experience in piloting and the general air-spray business.

Those aircraft, their pilots and teams play a key role in ensuring crops are protected during a critical part of their growth season. Houff said waiting can delay the growth for up to two months, but timing is everything as pilots must be sure there is adequate moisture in the air before raining seeds.

The Department's responsibility is to investigate a pesticide misuse complaint, determine whether any violations of the Illinois Pesticide Act have occurred and initiate any administrative actions deemed necessary based upon a detected violation. It is still possible for a fungicide to give a positive return-on-investment, but on-farm and Iowa State University testing shows that the probability is much lower when conditions are not favorable for disease. As we approach the critical time to make decisions about in-season disease management on corn, it is important to consider all factors at play while trying to determine if a fungicide is right for your corn operation. 2022 Badger Crops and Soils Update Meetings, Wisconsin Corn and Soybean Disease Update and Forecast July 21, 2022, Wisconsin Corn and Soybean Disease Update and Forecast July 14, 2022.

2023 Meredith Corporation. To Spray or Not to Spray Fungicide on Corn for Grain or Silage? Subscribe to receive top agriculture news, Be informed daily with these free e-newsletters.

Are My Fungicides Messing with the Good (Microbes) Guys?

Over rural land, they may operate at a minimum of 500 feet.

A common practice in Minnesota is to include a chelated zinc source with liquid fertilizer applied directly on the corn seed with the planter at a rate of 1 quart per acre. 6) Dairy farmers should think about the overall goal of using fungicide on silage corn. Many farmers routinely spray their crops with pesticides, but can neighbours demand their concerns be considered? This phenomenon started in Japan and South Korea, where mountainous terrain and relatively small family-owned farms required lower-cost and higher-precision spraying. Some equipment and nozzles aren't designed for that," says Hanna. [13], Dispersal of chemicals from aircraft or helicopters, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Aerial spraying of herbicides in Colombia, http://www.macon.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/ed-grisamore/article151521242.html, Yamaha Demos Agricultural RoboCopter, But Humans Can't Unleash It Yet, "Aerial Application of Mancozeb and Urinary Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Concentrations among Pregnant Women in Costa Rica: The Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA)", "Results 1 through 10 of 273,030 for aerial+application", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aerial_application&oldid=1119643041, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from May 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 17:18. Rules and regulations will differ around the world, of course, but the current Code Of Practice For Using Plant Protection Products on the website of the Chemicals Regulation Directorate suggests that it is largely left to the discretion of farmers in England and Wales to inform their neighbours of any planned spraying.

"Medium size might win in that case," says Hanna. The Illinois Department of Agriculture maintains a database of all pesticides, including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and others, appropriately registered for use in Illinois. Shouldn't they at least be warning me that they are about to spray the field so I know to be out that day? What chemicals do farmers spray on crops? With so many fungicide programs and formulations, and the re-emergence of yield-limiting corn diseases, like northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) and gray leaf spot (GLS), foliar fungicide application has demonstrated an ability to reduce foliar disease severity and increase grain yield under some circumstances. We have to do recertification training every year, multiple training sessions for us, and were professionals, Crabbe said. It also helps reduce the risk of diseases such as late blight, blackleg and virus getting into the potatoes sat in the ridge, reducing storage problems or, in the case of seed, carry over to future crops. 3) and also stalk rot issues in corn.

The brown midrib (BMR) corn hybrid P0956AMX was chosen for this study.

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